BY THE OPTIMIST DAILY EDITORIAL TEAM

When wildfires tear through neighborhoods, they don’t just burn vegetation; they engulf homes, cars, and everyday materials like electronics, paint, and plastics. These human-made materials release toxic chemicals into the air, which can infiltrate nearby homes, bringing risks that persist long after the flames are extinguished.

Research highlights that smoke from burned human-made materials differs from natural wildfire smoke, carrying potentially more hazardous pollutants. Once inside, these chemicals can embed themselves into furniture, walls, and surfaces, continuing to off-gas harmful substances for weeks or even months. For those returning to homes affected by wildfire smoke, understanding these risks is crucial to mitigating long-term health impacts.

What science tells us about wildfire smoke indoors

Studies conducted after the 2021 Marshall Fire in Colorado revealed concerning levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), metals, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in homes exposed to wildfire smoke. VOCs like benzene and formaldehyde are known carcinogens, while PAHs and other pollutants can irritate the respiratory system and skin.

In a survey of residents six months after the fire, over half reported symptoms they attributed to the event. Common issues included itchy eyes (33 percent), headaches (30 percent), and dry coughs (27 percent). Many linked these symptoms to the lingering smells of smoke and chemicals in their homes. Proximity to destroyed structures further increased the likelihood of symptoms, with a 21 percent rise in reported headaches for every 10 additional burned buildings within 820 feet of a home.

Unanswered questions about long-term exposure

While some symptoms diminished over time, one-third of surveyed residents still reported health concerns a year after the fire, and similar numbers persisted two years later. Researchers continue to study the long-term implications of exposure to VOCs and other pollutants. While exact exposure levels remain difficult to measure, the persistence of unusual smells in affected homes suggests that VOCs may still be present, raising concerns about their potential health impacts.

Steps to protect yourself and your home after a wildfire

If your home has been exposed to wildfire smoke or ash, taking proactive measures can reduce health risks for you and your family. Here are some key steps to consider:

1. Prioritize safety during cleanup

• Wear protective gear, including an N95 or KN95 mask, gloves, goggles, and skin-covering clothing.
• Avoid exposing vulnerable individuals—such as children, pregnant women, and older adults—to cleanup activities.

2. Clean strategically to reduce VOCs

• Thoroughly vacuum floors, drapes, and furniture. Research shows that cleaning all surfaces can help reduce VOC levels indoors.
• Once the outdoor air quality improves, open windows to ventilate your home with fresh air.
• Replace HVAC filters monthly until odors disappear and clean air ducts to prevent further spread of ash and smoke particles.

3. Avoid harsh chemicals

• Steer clear of strong chemical cleaners, which may react with ash residues and create harmful byproducts.
• Opt for mild cleaning agents and follow safety guidelines when handling any cleaning products.

4. Invest in air filtration

• Use portable air cleaners with carbon filters to remove VOCs and fine particles from the air.
• Consider replacing the cabin air filter in your car if it smells like smoke.

5. Monitor for lingering issues

• Pay attention to changes in your indoor environment, including smells and symptoms like coughing or irritation.
• Seek professional help if odors or health concerns persist.

Preparing for a fire-prone future

As wildfires become more frequent due to climate change, more people are likely to experience smoke damage in their homes. The wildland-urban interface—the areas where human development meets natural landscapes—is especially vulnerable. Preparing your home and having a plan for post-fire cleanup can make a significant difference in protecting your health.

While rebuilding after a wildfire can be overwhelming, these proactive steps can help you create a safer, healthier environment for your family. By addressing the risks of wildfire smoke, you can focus on recovery and resilience in the face of an increasingly fire-prone world.